Methods and apparatus for stabilization of surfaces

ABSTRACT

Various embodiments provide surface compositions and methods for durable and/or load-bearing surfaces in a variety of industrial, animal, and marine applications. Compositions and methods may comprise utilizing a liquid binder, catalyst, primer, and/or antimicrobial composition to provide durable, waterproof, and/or long-lasting surface compositions to dispose within the roadway voids and/or to create a durable, sanitary surface. The surface compositions may cure rapidly through an internal exothermic reaction process to form the repair and/or the safety flooring. The surface composition may be substantially impermeable to animal waste and resistant to harboring agents of disease. In some embodiments, a filler materials may be disposed within the liquid binders to provide elasticity, compression, slip resistance, heat transfer, reduced cure time, and/or a desired surface texture to the surface composition.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/196,194 filed Jul. 23, 2015, entitled “Methods and Apparatus forStabilization of Surfaces,” and this application is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/511,094,filed Oct. 9, 2014, entitled “Methods and Apparatus for Stabilization ofSurfaces,” which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 13/702,644, filed on Jan. 18, 2013, entitled “Manhole, Roadwayand Walkway Repair,” which is the National Stage Entry of InternationalPatent Application No. PCT/US11/40108, filed on Jun. 10, 2011,designating the United States of America, which claims priority to U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/397,342, filed on Jun. 10,2010, and incorporates the disclosure of all such applications byreference. To the extent that the present disclosure conflicts with anyreferenced application, however, the present disclosure is to be givenpriority.

BACKGROUND

Various materials used to construct durable and/or load bearing surfacessuch as asphalt, concrete, and various flooring surfaces may deteriorateand erode over time. For example, on surfaces such as highways,roadways, and walkways, erosion may appear as expanding roadway voids,potholes, and/or cracks in the surface which can increase in depth,length, width and circumference. Over time the deterioration of thesurface may continue and the erosion and may grow past beinginconvenient nuisances and become serious safety hazards that may needrepair before the surface can be resurfaced. If the voids erode into thesubsurface, then expensive major resurfacing of the area may becomenecessary. In addition, surface deterioration may increase the liabilityexposure resulting from damage or harm to vehicles and equipment thattravel on the surfaces, as well as to the operators of such equipmentand any persons in the vicinity.

Existing repair processes of asphalt or concrete roadway surfaces andmanhole structures may be expensive and/or ineffective. For example,surface repairs, where an inexpensive material such as a cold-patch orhot-patch asphalt, oil, tar or similar carriers are poured and/or tampedinto the voids may be ineffective, short lived, and offer a poor valueproposition over time. While the cost of the repair material itself maybe low, the special equipment and labor required to apply them aresubstantial and often the costs of road closure, traffic re-routing andthe corresponding costs of special equipment, permits, flag people,sheriff or police, signage, etc. can be significant. Further, ASTM(formerly known as American Society for Testing and Materials) reportfor strength, elongation, and adhesion of existing repair processes areinadequate. As a result, while the price of the repair materials alonemay be low, the total cost of repairs, especially when considering theirlife expectancy, may not offer a cost-effective long-term solution.

Additionally, various flooring surfaces trafficked by human and/oranimals may be damaged by scratching, wearing, and cracking. Theflooring in veterinary facilities and various animal facilities such askennels, dairy farms, animal wash racks, and horse stalls and stablesmay be damaged and even provide an environment for the proliferation ofbacteria and/or virus borne disease from contact with animal waste.Animal flooring may further have problems with odor absorption,staining, and permeability to harsh sanitizers used for cleaning.

SUMMARY

Various embodiments provide surface compositions and methods for durableand/or load-bearing surfaces in a variety of industrial, animal, andmarine applications. Compositions and methods may comprise utilizing aliquid binder, catalyst, primer, and/or antimicrobial composition toprovide durable, waterproof, and/or long-lasting surface compositions todispose within the roadway voids and/or to create a durable, sanitarysurface. The surface compositions may cure rapidly through an internalexothermic reaction process to form the repair and/or the safetyflooring. The surface composition may be substantially impermeable toanimal waste and resistant to harboring agents of disease. In someembodiments, a filler materials may be disposed within the liquidbinders to provide elasticity, compression, slip resistance, heattransfer, reduced cure time, and/or a desired surface texture to thesurface composition.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIGURES

A more complete understanding of the present invention may be derived byreferring to the detailed description when considered in connection withthe following illustrative figures. In the following figures, likereference numbers refer to similar elements and steps throughout thefigures.

Elements and steps in the figures are illustrated for simplicity andclarity and have not necessarily been rendered according to anyparticular sequence or scale. For example, steps that may be performedconcurrently or in different order are illustrated in the figures tohelp to improve understanding of embodiments of the present invention.

The figures described are for illustration purposes only and are notintended to limit the scope of the present disclosure in any way.Various aspects of the present invention may be more fully understoodfrom the detailed description and the accompanying drawing figures,wherein:

FIG. 1 representatively illustrates a perspective view of a manhole lidsurrounded by a collar performed utilizing a prior art process;

FIG. 2 representatively illustrates a sectional view of a manholestructure including a filling material applied over a concrete collar ina ring-surround area around a manhole structure according to oneembodiment of the invention;

FIG. 3 representatively illustrates a sectional view of a manholestructure, including a ring and a lid, with a concrete collar disposedwithin a ring-surround area along a road ready to be resurfaced;

FIG. 4 representatively illustrates a sectional view of the manholestructure and concrete collar wherein an asphalt road surrounding thecollar has been ground down;

FIG. 5 representatively illustrates a section view of the manholestructure wherein a cover has been applied over the manhole structureand the collar according to another embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 6 representatively illustrates a sectional view of the manholestructure wherein the cover, and the asphalt on the cover, have beenremoved;

FIG. 7 representatively illustrates a sectional view of the manholestructure including the filling material poured on top of the lid andthe collar to a level even with a new asphalt layer;

FIG. 8 representatively illustrates a sectional view of the manholestructure including a separator ring applied around the lid;

FIG. 9 representatively illustrates a perspective view of the separatorring;

FIG. 10 representatively illustrates a side view of the separator ringwith male and female adjustment mechanisms disengaged;

FIG. 11 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary method of repairing aroadway void; and

FIG. 12 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary method of forming asafety flooring.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

The present invention may be described in terms of functional blockcomponents and various processing steps. Such functional blocks may berealized by any number of components configured to perform the specifiedfunctions and achieve the various results. For example, the presentinvention may employ various process steps, apparatus, systems, methods,materials, etc. In addition, the present invention may be practiced inconjunction with any number of devices used to mix components, repairroad surfaces, install flooring, and/or inhibit concrete or asphaltdegradation, and the system described is merely one exemplaryapplication for the invention.

The particular implementations shown and described are illustrative ofthe technology and its best mode and are not intended to otherwise limitthe scope of the present technology in any way. For the sake of brevity,conventional manufacturing, preparation, process steps, and otherfunctional aspects of the composition may not be described in detail.Furthermore, connecting lines shown in various figures are intended torepresent exemplary functional relationships and/or steps between thevarious elements. Many alternative or additional functionalrelationships or process steps may be present in a practical compositionand method.

Various embodiments of the present technology provide compositions,methods, and systems for making a surface composition and applying thesurface composition to durable and/or load-bearing surfaces in anymarine, industrial/commercial, residential, playground,park/recreational, fuel containment barrier, and/or animal relatedapplications. For example, the surface composition may be applied toasphalt and/or concrete for repairing these surfaces and/or may create asafe and sanitary flooring for at least one of human traffic and animaltraffic such as animal transportation vehicle flooring including stallsand trailers, animal enclosures, animal wash racks, and/or marine decks.A detailed description of various embodiments is provided as a specificenabling disclosure that may be generalized to any application of thedisclosed composition and methods in accordance with the variousdescribed embodiments.

In various embodiments, representative surface compositions andinstallation methods thereof may employ quick curing materials that mayadhere to the surface being repaired and/or the flooring surfacereceiving the surface composition. In some embodiments, the utilizationof the surface compositions may reduce repair time and/or lengthen thelifetime of the repair, which may provide savings for payers. Forexample, a quick installation of the safety flooring for businesses suchas dairies and veterinarian clinics may reduce the time for closure ofanimal pens which may cause stress or discomfort to the animals oreconomic loss to the facility if closed for prolonged periods.

Representative methods of applying the surface composition to theroadway or flooring surface may be performed with conventional roadmaintenance equipment and vehicles. Expensive, specialized equipmentand/or skilled tradesmen for delivering and/or installing the surfacecomposition may be reduced or eliminated.

In some embodiments, the surface composition may be portable such thatit is manufactured remotely such as on flooring tiles, pads, and/orrolls. The portable surface composition may be transported to thesurface needing coverage and laid as a floating floor and/or affixed tothe surface using conventional techniques such as with adhesive ortacks.

Various representative implementations of the present surfacecomposition technology may be applied to any durable and/or load-bearingsurface such as a void in a roadway for vehicular traffic, a flooring toform and over-laying safety flooring, and/or damaged areas surroundingstructures in a roadway including manhole structures. In variousembodiments of the present technology, the surface composition maycomprise one or more of a primer, a liquid binder, a filler material,and/or antimicrobial compositions. Various embodiments of the surfacecomposition may provide practical utilization of the technology in awide range and size of applications without specialized equipment, heat,pressure, and/or skilled tradesmen.

In various embodiments of the present technology, the surfacecomposition may achieve desired physical properties of durability and/orelongation capabilities to allow the surface composition to expand andcontract with ambient temperature variations. Some embodiments of thesurface composition may exhibit resistance to penetration by water,strength, compaction capability, adherence to the surrounding surface,and/or stabilization of the surrounding surface. In some embodiments, byhaving the ability to expand and contract, the surface composition mayresist cracking or separating from the edges of the receiving surfaceand/or may compress when the surrounding surface expands and contractswith temperature change.

In some embodiments, the surface composition may have an initialviscosity level that allows the surface composition to flow freelyand/or penetrate into any opening in, around and/or under the surface.As the liquid binder of the surface composition cures, the viscosity ofthe surface composition may increase substantially such that the surfacecomposition becomes a near solid after curing. In some embodiments, thesurface composition may be formulated to create a thermo-catalyticeffect that may allow application of the surface composition even if thereceiving surface is not dry.

The surface composition may comprise any suitable component or mixtureof components. For example, in some embodiments, the surface compositionmay comprise multiple components mixed together and allowed to cure. Inone embodiment, the components and/or amount of components in thesurface composition may be varied to control the final hardness of thesurface composition as well as controlling the timing for the surfacecomposition to harden. In various embodiments, the surface compositionmay be delivered to the site of the surface to receive the surfacecomposition, ready to apply such that the application does not needspecial skills, materials, and/or equipment to apply the surfacecomposition to the surface. Accordingly, municipalities, agencies,associations, and/or untrained individuals may affect the repair.

In various embodiments of the present technology, the surfacecomposition may comprise a primer. In one embodiment, the primer maycomprise any material that may adhere to the surface such as a roadwayvoid, flooring, and/or surface surrounding a manhole. In variousembodiments, the primer may be moisture resistant such that the primermay be applied to surfaces that have moisture. The primer may alsoexhibit adhesion, cohesion, and/or tensile strength to substantiallypermanently adhere to the edges and bottom of the roadway void or othersurface and may have elongation capabilities at low tension pressuressuch that the primer will resist fatigue and/or reduce fracture ofadjacent surfaces. In some embodiments, a rigorous preparation of thesurface may not be required before the primer is applied to the surface.

In some embodiments, the primer may comprise an epoxy that may cure inthe presence of moisture and/or in the substantial absence of oxygenand/or moisture. In one embodiment, the primer may comprise a flexibleepoxy. In various embodiments, the flexible nature of the epoxy mayenable the filler material, which may be capable of expansion and/orcontraction even when substantially fully cured, to adhere to the bottomand edges of the surface so as to maintain a waterproof attachmentthrough a broad range of temperature variations.

Exemplary primers of the surface composition may comprise a variety ofurethanes, epoxies, wetting agents and catalyst. In various exemplaryembodiments, the primer may comprise one or more of PolyPrimer 2-partEpoxy coating (American Synthetics), Stobicoatg N870 2-part Epoxy primer(Stockmeier), and/or #10 Mortar Adhesive Binder (Epoxy.com). However, itis understood that those skilled in the art may select various primersbased on the characteristics of the chemical compounds and/orcompatibility with the ingredients used in the filler material. In someembodiments, those skilled in the art may readily adapt the type and/orproportion of the filler and the primer to produce the desiredcharacteristics, such as density, compressibility, elongation, and/orcure time for the particular conditions and composition of the surface.

In various embodiments of the present technology, the surfacecomposition may comprise a liquid binder comprising at least one ofurethane, poly urea, a hybrid material, flexible epoxy or other suitablechemical or chemical mix of polyurethane. In addition, in someembodiments, water may be substantially absent from the liquid binderwhich may allow the application of the surface composition to beperformed below freezing temperatures and/or where the surface is notdry (ie., contains moisture). The polyurethane may be made by a reactionbetween a first component comprising a polyol and a second componentcomprising an isocyanate, wherein an exothermic reaction is initiatedupon at least one of: (1) the mixing of the first component and thesecond component and (2) the exposure of the liquid binder to air.

The polyurethane may be adapted to cure through an internal exothermicreaction where heat is generated during the polymerization process. Suchpolyurethanes may not need the application of external heat sources toaffect curing, such as pre-heating the liquid binder prior toapplication to the surface. Such polyurethanes be referred to asthermoset polyurethanes. In some embodiments, thermoset polyurethanesmay cure at room temperature or slightly above room temperature.

In various embodiments of the present technology, the polyol of thefirst component may comprise one or more conventional polyols. Forexample, in some embodiments, the polyols may comprise at least one ofpolycarbonate polyols, polycaprolactone polyols, polybutadiene polyols,fluorinated polyols, and/or polysulfide polyols which may provideadhesive and/or elastomeric properties to the liquid binder.

In some embodiments, the first component may further comprise a catalystto initiate curing of the polyurethane. For example, the catalyst maycomprise a metal catalyst comprising mercury, lead, tin, bismuth, and/orzinc. In one embodiment, the tin catalyst may comprise Fomrez tincatalysts. In some embodiments, the catalyst may be sprayed over theliquid binder after the liquid binder is applied to the surface. Invarious embodiments, the amount of catalyst which may be adjusted toalter the curing time. This capability may allow the curing process tobe effective regardless of temperature or type of surface material towhich the surface composition is being applied. In some embodiments, thefirst component may be stored in a container to be delivered to the siteof the surface.

In various embodiments, the first component may further comprise anadditive. In one embodiment, the additive may comprise a pigment foraesthetic matching to the surface adjacent to the area of the surface towhich the surface composition is applied. In another embodiment, theadditive may comprise an edge retention composition to prevent or reducepull-back of the liquid binder from the surface or from the primer. Inanother embodiment, the additive may comprise a substance for abrasionresistance such as ceramic particles. In another embodiment, theadditive may comprise a chain extender and/or cross linker for modifyingthe structure of the resulting polyurethane to enhance properties suchas tensile strength, elongation, and/or tear resistance.

In another embodiment, the additive may comprise an expander materialthat may increase the volume of the liquid binder for applications suchas covering large flooring areas and/or large roadway voids where asignificant volume of liquid binder may be needed. The expander materialmay comprise any compound that increases the volume of the liquid binderwithout adversely affecting the liquid binder's ability to cure. Forexample, in one embodiment, the expander material may comprisebutanediol.

In various embodiments of the present technology, the isocyanate of thesecond component may be suitably adapted to initiate the catalyticreaction to cure the liquid binder. For example, in one embodiment, theisocyanate may comprise an aromatic diisocyanate and/or an aliphaticisocyanate. In various exemplary embodiments, the liquid binder maycomprise one or more of #3508 aromatic one part urethane (Marchem),Stobielast S 136 (Stockmeier), Elastotie G10614T Isocyanate (BASF),Elastotite G20114R and G20114T two component urethane coating (BASF).

In various embodiments, the second component may be stored in a secondcontainer that may also be delivered to the repair site. The twocontainers together may be part of a premeasured installation packageaccording to predetermined application size, such as the size of theroadway void to be repaired or the area of the flooring receiving thesafety flooring. For example, the installation package may contain anamount of each component of the surface composition suitable for smallroadway voids (cracks), large roadway voids (potholes, such as with avolume of many gallons). Each container may comprise any suitable sizefrom a one liter pail to any size up to large fifty-five gallon drums ortotes. In various embodiments, the containers and/or kits containing thecomponents of various embodiments of the surface composition may have asubstantially long shelf life for long-term storage. For example, wherethe surface is a large area such as a flooring or a large or multipleroadway voids (such as deep fissures or potholes), a two-part pumpingsystem may be employed where drums or totes of the first and the secondcomponents are available on a movable platform such as a trailer ortruck which may be large enough to hold the components of the surfacecomposition and the two-part mixing delivery system for the liquidbinder. In one embodiment, the delivery system may comprise a wandconfigured to move over the roadway void and may deliver the mixed firstand second components as a drip-flow and/or spray.

In various embodiments of the present technology, the filler materialmay be mixed with the liquid binder prior to curing and/or applicationof the liquid binder to the surface. In some embodiments, the fillermaterial may be applied to over the top of the liquid binder after theliquid binder is applied to the surface. In various embodiments, thefiller material may have one or more desired physical ASTMspecifications. For example, in some embodiments, the filler materialmay have an ASTM D5329 tensile adhesion of 155%, an ASTM tensilestrength of psi 53.3, an ASTM D5329 non-immersed bond at −29° C. (%Recovery, Passed), an ASTM D5329 resilience at 25° C. of 60 minutes.Additionally, in some embodiments, the filler material may exhibit anASTM D5329 asphalt compatibility without adhesion failure, formation ofoily exudate at the interface of sealant and asphalt concrete, orsoftening and/or other deleterious effect.

In various embodiments, the filler material may comprise recycled rubberpellets, synthetic rubber, recycled asphalt, asphalt pellets, pebbles,pea gravel, recycled SBR rubber crumb, aggregate of various sizes,and/or other materials having similar properties, including any materialthat one of ordinary skill in the art would appreciate asinterchangeable with those described above. In another embodiment, thefiller material may comprise an elastic liquid that may be fast-curingand may increase durability (to the pounding of a paved surface). Forexample, the filler material in this embodiment may be strong (with atensile break elongation of about 75% and a peak stress of about 60 psi)yet may also acts as a cushioning surface. In various embodiments, thefiller material may be sourced from a variety of manufacturers such asBASF, Stockmeier, APF, Marchem, Key Resin and/or Degussa constructionchemicals.

In one embodiment, the filler material may be pre-coated with urethane,wetting agent, and/or the catalyst and mixed together with a primerand/or a colorant. Such a combination may encapsulate the fillermaterial. In some embodiments, the filler material may be sent to usersas part of an installation package. The installation package may includethe pre-coated filler material and/or pre-measured containers of theprimer, liquid binder, and/or additives to be combined on the site ofthe surface to be repaired or covered or may be combined off the site ofthe surface.

In an exemplary embodiment, the filling material may be made by placinga desired amount of the filler such as pre-coated rubber into a portablemixer, adding a predetermined (by weight) amount of the primer, liquidbinder, and/or additives, and mixed. The filler material may then bepoured into the roadway void, the damaged surface around the manhole,and/or over the flooring receiving the safety flooring. The amounts offiller material and the primer, liquid binder, and/or additives may bevaried to control the final hardness of the filler material and/or tocontrol the amount of time required for the filler material to harden.For example, in one embodiment, one mixture may accelerate hardening andincrease the hardness of the filler material while another mixturecombination may allow more time for placement of the surface compositioninto and/or over the surface to form a more compliant resulting surfacecomposition.

Various embodiments of the present technology may incorporateantimicrobial compounds to inhibit, reduce, and/or prevent the growth ofbacterial and/or viral pathogens. In some embodiments, one or moreantimicrobial compound may be embedded in each layer of the surfacecomposition. For example, prior to mixing the components of the surfacecomposition, the antimicrobial compound may be added to one or more ofthe filler material, the primer, and the binder. In various embodiments,various pathogens introduced to the surface composition through humanand animal foot traffic and/or animal waste or any other sources ofpathogens may not survive or propagate on the resultant surfacecomposition. Embodiment of the antimicrobial composition in each layerof the surface composition may prevent the survival or propagation ofthe pathogens within scratches or cracks in the surface composition.This feature of the surface composition may reduce transmission ofdisease in animals in dairies, chicken farms, veterinary facilities,horse stalls, horse and livestock transportation vehicles (e.g.,trailers and trucks), and animal holding pens, fishing boat desks, fishholding areas in boats, and animal throughways of any kind.

In various embodiment of the present technology, the antimicrobialcomposition may comprise an amount of any element and/or compoundseffective to kills or inhibit the growth of microorganisms (ie., aneffective amount). In some embodiments, the antimicrobial compositionmay remain active in a variety of conditions such as high moisture, aridconditions, freezing temperatures, and/or high heat conditions. In someembodiments, the antimicrobial composition may be adapted to retain itsantimicrobial activity through the exothermic reaction process duringthe curing of the surface composition. Accordingly, the antimicrobialcomposition may retain substantially the same antimicrobial activityafter exposure to the elevated temperature of the exothermic reaction asit had before the exothermic reaction.

In some embodiments, the antimicrobial composition may compriseantifungal, antiviral, antiprotozoal, and/or antibacterial compounds.For example, the antimicrobial composition may comprise at least one ormore of: silver ions, zirconium phosphate-based silver ion, apolycarbonate polyol, dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, stannousoctoate, bismuth carboxylate, tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite, triclosan,metallic compounds containing silver, zinc or copper (e.g., silverdiazepine complexes, polymeric silver compounds, polymeric coppercompounds, polymeric zinc compounds, copper compounds of saccharin, zinccompounds of saccharin, and silver compounds of saccharin, silversaccharinate), titanium oxide, Organosilane, Light-activatedantimicrobials (e.g. titanium dioxide or photosensitisers), Quaternaryammonium compounds, Polycationic polymers (e.g. polyhexamethylenebiguanide, PHMB), metal oxides, metal ions (e.g. Ag⁺, Cu⁺⁺, Zn⁺⁺),silver metal, silver salts (silver sulfadiazine, silver halides (e.g.,silver fluoride, silver chloride, silver bromide, silver iodide), silveracetate, silver hydroxide, silver carbonate, silver oxalate, silverphosphate, silver sulfate, silver chlorate, silver bromate, silveriodate, gold, zinc, cerium, platinum, palladium, tin, mercury, lead,bismuth, cadmium, chromium, thallium, metal sulfadiazines, metal halides(e.g., metal fluorides, metal chlorides, metal bromides, metal iodides),metal acetates, metal hydroxides, metal carbonates, metal oxalate, metalphosphates. metal sulfates, metal chlorates, metal bromates, metaliodates, zeolite compounds, silver zirconium phosphate, zinc oxides,ammonium compounds, antimicrobial polymers (e.g., polymeric biocides,biocidal polymers, and biocide-releasing polymers), alcohols,tebuconazole, propiconazole, azoles such as thiabendazole,propiconazole, tebuconazole, and mixtures thereof, Oxathiazine,ortho-phenyl phenol, and Ttriamine diamines: 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine,cyclopropyl-N′-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine.

In some embodiments, the antimicrobial composition may comprisederivatives of phenol such as derivatives of phenol, such as halogenatedphenols, bis-phenols, alkyl-substituted phenols, and polyphenols,including, but not limited to, 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol(e.g., triclosan, Microban® Additive B, Microban International Ltd.,Huntersville, N.C., USA), 2-phenylphenol sodium salt tetrahydrate,4-(tert-butyl)-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)phenol,4-ethyl-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)phenol,4-(4-hydroxybutyl)-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)phenol,4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)anisole,4-(hydroxymethyl)-2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)phenol,2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-4-benzylphenol, 4-ethyl-2-phenylphenol,2-phenyl-4-propylphenol, 5-Isopropyl-biphenyl-2-ol,4-[4-(tert-butyl)phenyl]phenol, 4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-phenylphenol,3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)phenol, 2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)phenol,(2,4-diphenyl)phenol, (4-tert-butyl, 2-phenyl)phenol,2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)phenol, 3-phenylphenol, resorcinol,hexylresorcinol, hexachlorophene, parabens, thymol, chlorothymol,parachlorometaxylenol, orthophenylphenol, p-tertiary butylphenol,p-tertiaryamylphenol, o-benzylphenyl-p-chlorophenol, parachlorophenol,camphorated parachlorophenol, tetrabromomethylphenol,2,6-dimethyl-4-chlorophenol, parachlorometaxylenol, and combinationsthereof.

In some embodiments, the antimicrobial composition may comprisebotanical extracts such as chlorhexidine gluconate, benzalkoniumchloride, grapeseed oil, and/or acidic citrus juices such lemon juice.In some embodiments, the antimicrobial composition may comprise anessential oil such as extracts of the bark of Cinnamomum zeylanicum(cinnamon) and the rhizomes of Zingiber officinale (ginger).

Exemplary methods of applying the surface composition to the surface maycomprise repairing a roadway void comprising a cavity having a bottomand sides. In some embodiments, the liquid binder and primer may beprepared in a large mixer in a construction yard. Separate containersmay be filled with the liquid binder and primer, loaded onto anyavailable vehicle and taken to preplanned routes for repair of numeroussites. In another embodiment, a reactive kit of small containers ofliquid binder and primer and packages of the other additives may besupplied to city workers to immediately fill a pothole they encounter.

Referring to FIG. 11, the surface composition may be applied to aroadway or walkway surface for repair. An exemplary method of repairinga roadway or walkway surface void may comprise cleaning the surface ofvoid. The surface void may refer to any crack, hole, cavity, opening, orflaw in a roadway, pathway or expansion joint (1102). The surface voidedge and surroundings may be cleaned and damaged, loose asphalt orconcrete may be removed with a simple sweeping and/or vacuuming. Thecleaned site may be prepared by applying primer and catalyst to thebottom and side surfaces within the cavity of the surface void (1104).In some embodiments of the method, the primer and/or catalyst may besprayed onto the bottom and side surfaces of the cavity to providethorough coverage of the surface area. In other embodiments, the primerand/or catalyst may be brushed and/or rolled onto the bottom and sidesurfaces of the cavity. The liquid binder and filler material may becombined on site of the roadway void (or remotely according to thepreference of the user) or premixed liquid binder with filler materialmay be provided (1106). In some embodiments, the liquid binder may beginto cure upon mixing the first component and the second component of theliquid binder. In other embodiments, the liquid binder may begin to cureupon contact with the air.

The liquid binder and filler material may be applied to partially orentirely fill the roadway void and optionally leveled with a trowel orother leveling device (1108). In some embodiments, such as where theroadway void is very deep, the filler material alone may be poured intothe roadway void, followed by adding the mixture of the liquid binderand filler material over the layer of filler material until it is levelwith the roadway. Another application of catalyst may be sprayed ontothe filled roadway void. If no additional layer of filler material needsto be applied over the filled roadway void (such as to provide furthertraction for vehicles), the surface composition may be sprayed withwater (1110). The water spray may quickly set the surface compositionand may allow motor vehicles on the repaired surface in less than anhour. In some embodiments, the motor vehicles may return to the repairedsurface in less than 20 minutes after the surface composition is appliedto the roadway void. In another embodiment, the motor vehicles mayreturn to the repaired surface in less than 10 minutes after the surfacecomposition is applied to the roadway void.

In various embodiments of the present technology the repaired roadwayvoid may last approximately as long as the surrounding surface lasts dueto the resiliency and adherent properties of the surface composition tothe subsurface (bottom and sides of the cavity of the roadway void) andsurrounding surface. The surface composition may prevent or reducemoisture seepage into the repaired roadway void, which may prevent thesurface composition from floating in the roadway void cavity, and mayprevent dislodging of the surface composition when vehicles pass overthe repaired roadway void. In the method according to the embodiment,the surface composition and/or the seal between the surrounding surfaceand the surface composition may be substantially non-porous.Accordingly, moisture or other liquids may not pass through the surfacecomposition. In addition, the integrity and longevity of the repair ofthe roadway void may be enhanced by the capability of the surfacecomposition to expand and contract with temperature changes.

Exemplary methods of applying the surface composition to the surface maycomprise repairing a manhole structure or similar structures in roadwaysthat may be surrounded by damaged asphalt, concrete, or other roadwaysurface. Some conventional manhole repair processes may utilize aprocess comprising resurfacing the roadway where the manhole coverstructures are freed with a jackhammer, manually raised to the level ofthe new surface, and concreted in place again. These steps may requiretwo types of tradesmen, specialized single purpose equipment and maytake days to complete. Some conventional manhole repair processes mayutilize concrete collars around the manhole structures, which may causethe concrete to prematurely weaken before the surrounding road. Roadwayresurfacing may raise the level of the roadway, time, material cost, andpersonnel costs may be incurred to raise the level of the manholestructure. Eliminating the steps to raise the manhole structure and theconcrete collar, the manhole cover and its ring may be protected duringresurfacing and then cleaned.

In various embodiments, the method for repairing the manhole structuremay comprise placing a thin separator between the manhole cover and itsring. Primer may then be applied to the manhole cover and/or surroundingasphalt and/or concrete to be resurfaced. The liquid binder and/orfiller material of the surface composition may be applied to the manholecover and ring until its level is even with the level of the roadway. Itdoes not matter if the manhole cover and ring are askew, and variableamounts of surface composition are applied to different sides. Thecatalyst may then be applied to the manhole cover and ring. After ashort delay, the lid ring separator may be removed, which may leave aspace between the manhole cover and ring, permitting the usual easyremoval of the manhole structure cover as needed.

Alternately, if the surrounding asphalt and/or concrete around themanhole structure is not damaged, it may not need replacement. Exemplarymethods comprise cleaning the damaged surface, priming, and filling thedamaged surface with the liquid binder and filler, followed by adding anoptional coating with catalyst and water. This simplified process maysave considerable time, materials and personnel cost. Where a userdesires to replace the concrete and/or asphalt surrounding the manholestructure, new concrete may be poured in a collar shape but only toseveral inches under the surrounding roadway. The surface material ofthe present technology may then be applied (such as with troweling) ontothe wet concrete. The surface material may dry much faster than the wetconcrete and may provide a stable surface within about two hours,decreasing the usual delay time for concrete curing, providing aresilient surface that lasts longer, and/or increases the longevity ofthe underlying concrete collar.

Referring now to FIG. 1, a conventional configuration for an areasurrounding the manhole structure is shown and includes a concretecollar formed around a manhole ring and lid. The concrete collar may beformed when a road is paved or resurfaced with asphalt to providerigidity in the area surrounding the manhole structure. Concrete howevermay deteriorate over time.

Referring to FIG. 2, a method according to one embodiment of theinvention is provided to address the deterioration problem with concretecollars. FIG. 2 shows a manhole structure, generally shown at 10, havinga ring or frame 12 that defines an opening 14. A lid 16 engages the ring12 to cover the opening 14. The lid 16 is removable to allow access toan area below the manhole structure 10 via the opening 14. The manholestructure 10 is disposed along a road 18 that may be paved using asphaltor concrete. It is desired that the road 18 and the ring 12 of themanhole structure 10 be at the same level to ensure that traffic canpass safely and smoothly over the manhole structure 10.

The method according to one embodiment includes the step of removing theasphalt in a ring surround area 20 after the road 18 has been paved orresurfaced. The ring surround area 20 may be generally circular but itis appreciated that the particular shape and size of the ring surroundarea 20 may vary. Concrete is then poured into the ring surround area 20to form a collar 22. The particular height of the collar 22 may vary.However, the collar 22 will not be at the same level as the paved orresurfaced road 18. When the concrete is still wet, a surfacecomposition 24 is poured on top of the collar 22. The surfacecomposition 24 may be troweled to its desired form. Finally, the surfacecomposition 24 may be allowed to cure using a spray mist of catalystand/or water.

When the manhole structure 10 is being repaired in an existing roadway(where the road is not being resurfaced), the use of the surfacecomposition 24 may reduce the amount of time that traffic needs to bediverted around the repair by five or more hours. This may significantlyreduce labor, equipment, and materials costs.

The resulting joint where the manhole ring 12 or the collar 22 meets theroad 18 is smoother. Also, both the manhole structure 10 and vehiclespassing over the manhole structure 10 will not take as large punishmentdue to the shock absorbing qualities of the surface composition 24.Further, the processes set forth in the described embodiments willreduce maintenance costs when compared to typical existing processes.

It is also appreciated that in an alternative embodiment, the surfacecomposition 24 may be poured around the ring surround area 20 in theabsence of a concrete collar 22.

Referring to FIGS. 3 through 10, a method according to anotherembodiment is provided for raising a height of the manhole structure 10and the collar 22 to the level of the road 18 that has been resurfaced.As mentioned above, the manhole structure 10, including its ring 12 andlid 16, may be surrounded by the collar 22. Initially, the manholestructure 10, the road 18, and the collar 22 may be at the same height.The resurfacing process may begin by grinding down the asphalt, as shownin FIG. 4, to prepare the road 18 for a new asphalt layer 27. Before thenew asphalt layer 27 is laid down, a cover 26 is positioned over themanhole structure 10 and the collar 22 to protect the lid 16 and thecollar 22 from direct contact with the new asphalt layer 27. The cover26 in one embodiment may be formed from metal but it is appreciated thatthe cover 26 may be formed from any of numerous materials. The newasphalt layer 27 is then laid down over the road 18 and the cover 26, asshown in FIG. 5. After the resurfacing of the road 18 is complete, thecover 26 and the new asphalt poured on the cover 26 are removed from themanhole structure 10. At this point, the manhole structure 10 may be atthe same level as it was before the resurfacing process started, and theroad 18 may be at a new level that is higher than the manhole structure10 (as shown in FIG. 6).

Referring to FIGS. 7 through 10, a separator ring 28 is applied aroundthe lid 16 of the manhole structure 10. The separator ring 28 mayinclude an elongated main body 30 having opposing ends 32, 34. Male 36and female 38 adjusters may be located at the respective opposing ends32, 34 to allow the separator ring 28 to fit around lids 16 of varyingsizes. The separator ring 28 also may include at least one handle orring lifter 40 extending upwards from the main body 30 to allow removalof the separator ring 28, as described in further detail below. Alifting hole plug 42 may be applied to any lifting holes in the lid 16of the manhole structure 10 at the same time that the separator ring 28is positioned around the lid 16. The lifting hole plug 42 may be coupledto the separator ring 28 or separate therefrom.

Once the separator ring 28 is in place around the lid 16 of the manholestructure 10, the surface composition 24 may be poured over the manholestructure 10, including the ring 12 and the lid 16, and the collar 22 toform a secondary lid 44 surrounded by a surround 46 (as shown in FIG.7). Because the separator ring 28 may be in place while the surfacecomposition 24 is being poured, the space occupied by the separator ring28 may be free of the surface composition 24. The secondary lid 44 andthe surround 46 each have a height that is approximately equal to theheight of the resurfaced road 18. This eliminates the need for adjustingthe height of the ring 12 of the manhole structure 10. When the surfacecomposition 24 starts to cure, the separator ring 28 may be lifted outof place using the handle 40 and the lifting hole plugs 42 may beremoved. The secondary lid 44 may be lifted off when desired in the samefashion as the lid 16 of the manhole structure 10. The edges of thesecondary lid 44 may be smoothed out with an appropriate tool and thesurface composition 24 is allowed to cure. The road 18 may be ready tobe opened in as little as 20 minutes. As a result, there is asubstantial reduction in the time and labor required to resurface theroad 18.

When the road 18 is being resurfaced, the embodiments described hereinmay result in a significant reduction of costs. There may no longer be aneed to locate, uncover, remove, and replace prior collars and/or toadjust manhole ring heights, which may result in significant savings intime and labor since a single trade contractor may complete the project.By covering the manhole lid 16, the manhole ring 12, and the collar 22during resurfacing and then pouring the surface composition 24 onto theuncovered manhole lid 16, the manhole ring 12, and the collar 22, themanhole structure 10 and the collar 22 may be raised, leveled, andstrengthened in a single process. In addition, the possibility ofbreakage and associated repair expenses may be reduced. Further, thissame process may be repeated whenever the road 18 is resurfaced in thefuture.

The surface composition 24 may reduce the incidence of damage caused bythe deterioration of the collar 22. The surface composition 24 on thelid 16 may have a cushioning effect which protects the ring 12 fromharsh shocks which are typically a major cause of ring failure. In someembodiments, the surface composition 24 may have the long-term advantageof shock absorption relative to the foreshortened longevity of thestiff, inflexible crown, frame, and ring of the manhole structure. Thesurface composition 24 may also improve driver comfort upon vehiclepassage over the repair. In another aspect of the present technology,the surface composition 24 may be easily applied to any size or shape ofopening and/or in any surrounding surface including asphalt, concrete oreven brick as in junction box repair.

Personnel responsible for roadways have observed that leveling fivemanhole lids by the inventive method in approximately two hours and at atotal cost, including materials and labor, of $500. Using a priormethod, the same project would have taken roughly a day and a half and,after the costs associated with permits, barriers and labor, would havecost between $3,000 and $4,000. These repairs have now been in place forapproximately one year and show no signs of wear and tear.

Personnel provided another comparison. The manhole lid-surround levelingprocess was completed using the disclosed method and took approximately20 minutes at a total material cost of $75. In contrast, personnel saidthe typical cost for such a repair would be about $500. Also leveling ajunction box and valve cover boxes cost approximately $50 using theinventive process but would cost several hundred dollars to doconventionally.

Exemplary methods of applying the surface composition to the surface maycomprise overlaying the surface with the surface composition to createan animal and/or a safety flooring. Conventional surfaces with limitedslip resistance may be hazardous to humans in wet conditions and/oruncomfortable or hazardous for hooved animals such as cattle, sheep,hogs and horses that are unable to gain sufficient traction and becomemore susceptible to harm resulting from falls. Conventional flooringsurfaces that attempt to improve the coefficient of friction may beexpensive and/or ineffective. For example, concrete which has beengrooved or brushed when poured in an effort to create a slip resistantsurface may fill with manure and become slippery negating any benefitsof the surface treatment.

In some embodiments, the surface composition may be permanently affixedto the subsurface (ie., the surface receiving the overlay of surfacecomposition), reducing and/or eliminating the need for periodic removalof an overlaid material to clean and or disinfect the surface. Invarious embodiments, the surface composition may be substantiallyimpervious to corrosive or otherwise damaging chemical agents such aspetroleum fuels, chlorine, alcohol and others chemicals. In oneembodiment, the surface composition may be prefabricated as a portableflooring.

Various embodiments of the present technology, the surface compositionmay provide a safe and sanitary flooring that may reduce the cost and/ortime involved to install, service, and/or repair flooring surfaces,traffic areas, animal holding pens, and the like. In some embodiments,the safety flooring may create a durable, long lasting, and waterproofsafety surface over any suitable existing surface such as an asphalt,concrete, wood, dirt, or gravel walkway, driveway, ramp, deck or thelike.

A safety flooring system according to various aspects of the presenttechnology may comprise a surface composition comprising one or more ofthe liquid binder, the catalyst, additives, the primer, filler material,and/or antimicrobial compositions. For example, the surface compositionmay comprise multiple constituents mixed together and allowed to cureinto a completed surface. In various embodiments, the ingredients and/oramount of ingredients in the surface composition may be varied tocontrollably adjust any desired element of the safety flooring systemsuch as a final hardness of the surface, a surface texture, heattransfer, and a cure time for the surface composition.

The surface composition may comprise any suitable composition having aninitial viscosity level that allows the filler material to flow freelyinto any opening in, around and/or under the surface receiving thesafety flooring system. Subsequently, the filler material may undergo acatalytic reaction causing the viscosity level to increase substantiallysuch that the surface composition becomes significantly more solid aftercuring. The cured surface composition may also exhibit exceptionalstrength, elongation, compression, slip resistance, sound absorption,and/or pathogen resistance attributes. For example, in one embodiment,the cured surface composition may comprise a coarse finish across thetop of the completed surface that may reduce the potential for humansand/or animals to slip while walking across the completed surfacewhether wet or dry. In another embodiment, the cured surface compositionmay comprise a smooth compressible surface suitably adapted to provideincreased comfort in an area such as a holding pen for animals. Inaddition, the surface composition may also be adapted to provide acompleted surface that is waterproof and/or substantially impermeable tomoisture and/or chemicals to facilitate effective and easy cleaning.

In an exemplary method of applying the surface composition to theflooring, the primer may be applied to the surface. The first and secondcomponents of the liquid binder, with or without the filler materialsuch as rubber crumb, may be mixed and poured over the existing surfaceflooring. In one embodiment, the filler material may be spread over,worked into, or otherwise applied to the surface composition during thecure time. The filler material, such as rubber crumb, may be comprise amaterial suitable for providing a slip resistant surface texture. Invarious embodiments, the size (ie., approximate or average diameter) ofthe filler material particles may be chosen according to a desiredapplication. For example, larger filler material particles may be usedto create a more coarse surface texture finish that may provide adequatetraction for human and/or animal traffic while smaller filler materialparticles may create a smoother finish that provide greater comfort suchas compressibility. In some embodiments, the filler material may adsorbinto the curing surface composition applied over the surfacecomposition.

Referring now to FIG. 12, the method may comprise cleaning the surfacereceiving the surface composition, which may comprise removing loosedebris from the area to be repaired (1202). If the surface compositionis to be applied over a loose, granular surface such as dirt, clay,sand, decomposed granite, etc., a layer of plastic board may be placeover the loose surface and fastened in place so as to create a stableplatform for application of the surface composition. For example, in oneembodiment, a backer board material may be used to create an area wherethe surface composition will be positioned such as is conventionallyperformed when pouring a concrete foundation or floor.

After cleaning, the surface may be primed with the primer, such as aflexible epoxy, that need not be applied over a dry surface (1204). Thisepoxy primer may adhere to any stable surface such as wood, metal,concrete, asphalt, etc. The primer may be followed by application of theliquid binder. In some embodiments, the filler material may be appliedto the primed surface in advance of the liquid binder. In otherembodiments, the filler material may be mixed into the liquid binder andthen applied over the primed surface. In various embodiments, theantimicrobial composition may be added to one or more of the primer,liquid binder, and/or the filler material.

Once the surface is prepared, the first and second components of theliquid binder may be mixed together (1206). In embodiments of the liquidbinder where the catalyst is included in the first component, theexothermic curing process may begin upon mixing the first component andthe second component. In this embodiment, additional catalyst may besprayed over the liquid binder after it is distributed across thesurface to accelerate curing. In other embodiments, the catalyst may beabsent from the liquid binder and may be added by spraying the catalystover the liquid binder after it is distributed across the surface.During the cure time, the first and second components may be poured orotherwise applied to the surface to form the safety flooring surface(1208). Prior to the completion of the cure, additional filler materialsuch as rubber crumb may be applied to the surface composition in anysuitable manner such that the filler material adsorbs and bonds to theliquid binder thereby forming a finished surface (1210). In someembodiments, if the human and/or animal traffic gradually wears throughthe filler material applied to the surface of the surface material,deeper layers of filler material may continue to provide traction inother embodiments where filler material was mixed with the liquid binderprior to curing.

In the foregoing description, the invention has been described withreference to specific exemplary embodiments. Various modifications andchanges may be made, however, without departing from the scope of thepresent invention as set forth. The description and figures are to beregarded in an illustrative manner, rather than a restrictive one andall such modifications are intended to be included within the scope ofthe present invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should bedetermined by the generic embodiments described and their legalequivalents rather than by merely the specific examples described above.For example, the steps recited in any method or process embodiment maybe executed in any appropriate order and are not limited to the explicitorder presented in the specific examples. Additionally, the componentsand/or elements recited in any system embodiment may be combined in avariety of permutations to produce substantially the same result as thepresent invention and are accordingly not limited to the specificconfiguration recited in the specific examples.

Benefits, other advantages and solutions to problems have been describedabove with regard to particular embodiments. Any benefit, advantage,solution to problems or any element that may cause any particularbenefit, advantage or solution to occur or to become more pronounced,however, is not to be construed as a critical, required or essentialfeature or component.

The terms “comprises”, “comprising”, or any variation thereof, areintended to reference a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process,method, article, composition, system, or apparatus that comprises a listof elements does not include only those elements recited, but may alsoinclude other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process,method, article, composition, system, or apparatus. Other combinationsand/or modifications of the above-described structures, arrangements,applications, proportions, elements, materials or components used in thepractice of the present invention, in addition to those not specificallyrecited, may be varied or otherwise particularly adapted to specificenvironments, manufacturing specifications, design parameters or otheroperating requirements without departing from the general principles ofthe same.

The present invention has been described above with reference to anexemplary embodiment. However, changes and modifications may be made tothe exemplary embodiment without departing from the scope of the presentinvention. These and other changes or modifications are intended to beincluded within the scope of the present invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. A sanitary surface composition for a flooring forhuman and animal traffic that reduces the presence of microbes, thesurface composition comprising: a liquid binder comprising apolyurethane adapted to cure through an exothermic reaction process,wherein the cured liquid binder has an increased viscosity relative tothe liquid binder prior to curing; and a primer adapted to adhere to thecured liquid binder and the at least one of the roadway void and theflooring; and an effective amount of an antimicrobial compositionadapted to retain antimicrobial activity through the exothermic reactionprocess, wherein the surface composition applied to the roadway void andthe flooring is adapted to withstand wear from the traffic over theroadway void and the flooring.
 2. The surface composition of claim 1,further comprising a filler material, wherein the filler material ismixed with the liquid binder.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein thefiller material is adapted to provide slip resistance to the surfacecomposition.
 4. The surface composition of claim 2, wherein the fillermaterial comprises at least one of an aggregate material, rubberparticles, asphalt particles, sand, ceramics, glass, marble, rock, andgravel particles.
 5. The surface composition of claim 1, wherein theliquid binder comprises a first component comprising a polyol and asecond component comprising an isocyanate, wherein the exothermicreaction is initiated upon at least one of: (1) the mixing of the firstcomponent and the second component and (2) the exposure of the liquidbinder to air.
 6. The surface composition of claim 5, wherein the firstcomponent further comprises a catalyst.
 7. The surface composition ofclaim 5, wherein the isocyanate comprises at least one of an aliphaticand an aromatic isocyanate.
 8. The surface composition of claim 1,further comprising an additive.
 9. The surface composition of claim 8,wherein the additive comprises at least one of a surfactant, and apigment.
 10. The surface composition of claim 8, wherein the additivecomprises an edge retention composition.
 11. The surface composition ofclaim 1, wherein the primer comprises an epoxy.
 12. The surfacecomposition of claim 1, wherein the antimicrobial composition comprisesan antifungal composition.
 13. The surface composition of claim 1,wherein the antimicrobial composition comprises an antiviralcomposition.
 14. The surface composition of claim 1, wherein theantimicrobial composition comprises an antiprotozoal composition. 15.The surface composition of claim 1, wherein the antimicrobialcomposition comprises an antibacterial composition.
 16. The surfacecomposition of claim 1, wherein the antimicrobial composition comprisestriclosan.
 17. The surface composition of claim 1, wherein theantimicrobial composition comprises a metal oxide.
 18. The surfacecomposition of claim 1, wherein the antimicrobial composition is presentthroughout the surface composition to prevent the survival orpropagation of the microbes within scratches or cracks in the surfacecomposition.
 19. A method for forming a safety flooring over a surfacefor at least one of human traffic and animal traffic that reduces thepresence of microbes, comprising the steps of: mixing a liquid binderwith a filler material and an effective amount of an antimicrobialcomposition; applying a mixture of the liquid binder, the fillermaterial, and the antimicrobial composition over the surface, whereinthe liquid binder comprises a polyurethane adapted to cure through anexothermic reaction process, and wherein the cured liquid binder has anincreased viscosity relative to the liquid binder prior to curing; andallowing a sufficient amount of time for the liquid binder to curebefore resuming the at least one of the human traffic and the animaltraffic over the surface.
 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the fillermaterial is adapted to provide slip resistance to the safety flooring.21. The method of claim 18, wherein the filler material is adapted toprovide compressibility to the safety flooring.
 22. The method of claim18, wherein the filler material is applied over a top surface of theliquid binder and adsorbs to the liquid binder prior to curing.
 23. Themethod of claim 18, in which the step of curing the liquid bindercomprises spraying the surface of the liquid binder with a catalyst. 24.The method of claim 18, wherein the liquid binder comprises a firstcomponent comprising a polyol and a second component comprising anisocyanate, wherein the exothermic reaction is initiated upon at leastone of: (1) the mixing of the first component and the second componentand (2) the exposure of the liquid binder to air.
 25. The method ofclaim 23, wherein the first component further comprises a catalyst. 26.The method of claim 23, wherein the isocyanate is at least one of analiphatic and an aromatic isocyanate.
 27. The method of claim 18,wherein the antimicrobial composition comprises an antifungalcomposition.
 28. The method of claim 18, wherein the antimicrobialcomposition comprises an antiviral composition.
 29. The method of claim18, wherein the antimicrobial composition comprises an antiprotozoalcomposition.
 30. The method of claim 18, wherein the antimicrobialcomposition comprises an antibacterial composition.
 31. The method ofclaim 18, wherein the antimicrobial composition comprises triclosan. 32.The method of claim 18, wherein the antimicrobial composition comprisesa metal oxide.
 33. The method of claim 18, wherein the antimicrobialcomposition is present throughout the surface composition to prevent thesurvival or propagation of the microbes within scratches or cracks inthe surface composition.